KYIV, Ukraine >> The antagonistic messaging President Donald Trump has delivered to Ukraine since taking office has presented leaders in Ukraine with a brutal reckoning: that the United States can no longer be counted on as a supporter, and may even be an adversary, in the effort to end the war with Russia.

In the past two weeks, Trump has initiated direct peace talks with Russia and dismissed Ukraine’s protests that it should have a seat at the negotiating table. He has called Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a “dictator” and falsely claimed that Ukraine was responsible for the war that Russia started with its 2022 invasion.

As the war enters its fourth year, that enmity has prompted Ukraine to reassess what leverage, if any, it still holds over U.S. policy in Ukraine and to explore alternative options to safeguard its interests.

There are few of them, and none are ideal, analysts and Ukrainian officials say. Ukraine can curry favor with Trump by dangling lucrative economic deals, such as the minerals agreement said to have been finalized Tuesday, but at the risk of facing onerous terms in return.

If U.S. support dries up, Ukraine could hold out on the battlefield as long as it can — which could be only a few months — hoping Trump acknowledges that peace talks cannot proceed without its involvement.

In the meantime, Ukraine has made an emphatic pivot toward Europe as its new closest partner and potential security guarantor. In the past few days, Zelenskyy has engaged in numerous calls and meetings with his European counterparts to discuss increased military support, including peacekeeping troops on the ground.

Transactional analysis

After Trump returned to office in January, Ukraine hoped to appeal to his business-oriented mindset as leverage. It offered a deal on access to critical minerals, which are key to modern technology manufacturing, in exchange for continued U.S. support.

But Trump flipped the concept on its head, demanding a deal worth $500 billion in Ukraine’s natural resources, including minerals, oil, and gas, without offering anything in return. Trump has framed access to Ukraine’s resources as “payback” for Washington’s past aid to Ukraine. The real value of U.S. assistance to Ukraine so far is about $120 billion.

Ukraine has rejected several versions of a deal that it deems too onerous.

Ukraine must decide

Ultimately, experts say it is up to Ukraine to decide whether to continue the fight. The key now is whether it can hold out long enough on the battlefield, potentially cut off from U.S. support, to avoid having to accept a peace or economic deal with onerous terms.

The Ukrainian government has said that it has enough funds, weapons and ammunition to sustain its fight against Russia through the first half of this year. But structural issues have weakened its defense, including a shortage of soldiers for the front lines, exhaustion after three years of war, and coordination gaps between brigades that Russian forces routinely exploit.

Still, military analysts say Ukraine has some elements working in its favor. It has significantly ramped up its domestic weapons production, producing nearly all of the attack drones it deploys on the battlefield — the primary means of targeting Russian troops today.

Ukraine’s defense industry now covers about 40% of the country’s need in weapons, according to Solomiia Bobrovska, a member of the Ukrainian parliament’s defense and intelligence committee.

Nico Lange, a former German Defense Ministry official who is now a senior fellow at the Munich Security Conference, said, “Holding the line and saying, ‘Look, we will continue to defend ourselves,’ is I think what strengthens Ukraine’s position in this unfortunate situation.”

Perhaps the most promising option is Ukraine’s turn to Europe.

Zelenskyy said last week that he had started talks with his European counterparts to have them fund Ukraine’s war effort “if the United States decides not to.” Just in the past few days, he has spoken to dozens of European leaders by phone or in person during a large summit held in Kyiv on Monday.

View from Europe

Several European countries have already begun financing Ukraine’s domestic military industry, and the European Union is debating plans to send Ukraine a significant new support package that could total more than 20 billion euros (about $21 billion).

France and Britain have also taken the lead in discussions about deploying European peacekeeping troops to Ukraine as part of a postwar settlement to deter further Russian aggression. Following Macron’s discussion of the idea with Trump on Monday, Prime Minister Keir Starmer of Britain is expected to push the proposal during his visit to Washington this week.

Still, Starmer has acknowledged that deploying European troops would not be viable without what he called a “U.S. backstop.”