1869

Thousands of businessmen were ruined in a Wall Street panic known as “Black Friday” after financiers Jay Gould and James Fisk attempted to corner the gold market.

1906

President Theodore Roosevelt established Devil’s Tower in Wyoming as the first U.S. national monument.

1960

The USS Enterprise, the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, was launched at Newport News, Virginia.

1963

The U.S. Senate ratified a treaty with Britain and the Soviet Union limiting nuclear testing.

1969

The trial of the Chicago Eight, later the Chicago Seven, began. (Five were convicted over Democratic convention riots in 1968; the convictions were later overturned.)