BRUSSELS — The European Union’s executive arm proposed measures Wednesday to better detect shell companies that do not carry out any real economic activities to prevent them from receiving tax advantages and crack down on their tax abuse.

The European Commission said the directive, which needs to be approved by the bloc’s 27 member nations, would help national authorities identify shell companies through a filtering system, analyzing criteria such as income, transactions and management.

According to EU estimates, tax dodging causes the bloc to lose up to $1.13 trillion in income each year.

Once adopted, the rules would take effect Jan. 1, 2024.