Oklahoma and Texas are among more than 20 states that have passed laws since 2021 seeking to control how race, gender and American history are discussed in schools.

But in a climate of extraordinary political scrutiny on the curriculum, many teachers say those efforts have little influence on how they run their classrooms.

“I do business as usual,” said Derek Collins, a middle and high school social studies teacher in Roff, Oklahoma.

And in El Paso, Texas, Daniel Gallegos said he was “not at all” scared to hold wide-ranging discussions of racism with his 11th graders, despite his state’s attempt to restrict lessons about the topic.

On subjects like evolution and the causes of the Civil War, there has long been debate over what should be taught. Over the last four years, however, there has been a nationwide burst of political activity seeking to transform the curriculum in public schools.

Most recently, Oklahoma and Texas have encouraged schools to imbue biblical themes into lessons, and Louisiana legislators tried to require schools to display the Ten Commandments in every classroom. Those states and 15 others, all Republican-leaning, have passed laws seeking to restrict how racism and gender can be discussed.

At the same time, a cluster of more liberal states, including California, Minnesota, Oregon and Vermont, have moved in the opposite direction, weaving the activist discipline of ethnic studies into social studies, and embracing concepts from the left, like structural racism and settler colonialism.

But the experiences of Collins and Gallegos show how difficult it can be for politicians to control public school curricula. The American education system is “radically decentralized,” in the words of one historian. Local schools and even individual teachers are often left to work independently, choosing their own curriculum materials and writing their own lesson plans — a structure that could restrain President Donald Trump in his second term.

Trump has vowed to push a “patriotic” curriculum, while withholding federal funding from schools that embrace left-leaning ideas on race and gender. Both the right and the left have each accused the other of imposing its beliefs on the nation’s children, and social studies educators have felt more pressure to conform than teachers of other subjects, according to surveys.

Despite book bans and other forms of pressure from policymakers and politically engaged parents, there are signs that many teachers are able to ignore — or subtly complicate — mandates to address race, gender and U.S. history in proscribed ways. Only a quarter of teachers have reported that restrictive laws influenced their choice of curriculum materials or instructional practices, according to RAND.

“I’ve never heard of an instance yet of someone actually not teaching something they had taught in the past,” said Tim Bailey, director of curriculum development at the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, a nonpartisan group that provides free curriculum materials and training to tens of thousands of teachers.

Lawmakers from both parties have put American history and civics lessons under a political microscope. But these subjects can be more difficult than others to control.

That is because for years, policymakers seeking to improve academic achievement ignored social studies. Over the past two decades, federal and state standardized testing mandates pushed schools to focus primarily on math and reading.

That meant there was less time and money for social studies education. It also meant more autonomy for teachers of the subject.

In a recent survey conducted by the American Historical Association, two-thirds of social studies teachers said their districts gave them either no curriculum guidelines with or only a rough outline of the topics they had to cover.

Oklahoma’s state superintendent, Ryan Walters, drew attention by directing all public schools to teach the Bible, and by asking teachers to show students a video of him praying for Trump.

But Collins, a Republican, did not show the video. He said his tiny, rural school district had not rushed to carry out Walters’ priorities, noting that he and some of his colleagues, despite being committed Christians, had questioned how the mandate to teach the Bible was supposed to work.

“Are we qualified to teach the Bible?” he asked.

Throughout Oklahoma, principals and superintendents have also expressed hesitation about incorporating biblical teachings into public education, despite Walters’ prodding.

In a statement to The New York Times, Walters said noncompliant school officials would be removed from their jobs. Ignoring his policies could become more difficult in the future. His administration has released new social studies learning standards that encompass biblical principles and stories, in addition to other changes. The state Legislature will have the opportunity to accept or reject them.

Texas has restricted how racism can be discussed in the classroom: only as a “deviation” from core American principles, not as an expression of them. But Gallegos said he did not feel limited in his discussions of racism. In fact, he has leaned into the topic.

Bailey acknowledged that his group had tweaked some of its language to comply with restrictive state laws. For example, the group sometimes uses terminology like “civic experience” instead of “civic action” to describe projects like writing a persuasive letter to an elected official; conservatives have argued that civic action projects allow left-leaning teachers to push their own political views.

Efforts to control the curriculum may fail against the will of a resistant teacher in many states. But not in Florida.

Under Gov. Ron DeSantis — perhaps the nation’s most aggressive practitioner of curriculum control — restrictive laws married to tough bureaucratic consequences have had a big effect on both teachers and students, said Crystal Etienne, a middle school civics teacher.

Last year, DeSantis’ administration required schools to use new learning standards that focus on the “influence of the Judeo-Christian tradition” on the American founding.

Because Florida gives a standardized test in civics, and her own annual evaluation was based on her students’ performance, Etienne immediately changed how she delivered lessons.

“I don’t have a choice but to teach it, even though I’m not qualified to teach biblical content,” she said. “If the students can’t answer the questions, that reflects on me.”