1607

Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, was established by members of the Virginia Company.

1796

English physician Edward Jenner successfully inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps against smallpox by using cowpox matter.

1804

The Lewis and Clark expedition, organized to explore the Louisiana Territory as well as the Pacific Northwest, began its journey near present-day Hartford, Illinois.

1948

The independent state of Israel was proclaimed in Tel Aviv by David Ben-Gurion, who became its first prime minister.

1955

Representatives from eight Communist bloc countries, including the Soviet Union, signed the Warsaw Pact in Poland.

1961

Freedom Rider civil rights activists were attacked by violent mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama.

Birthdays

Baseball Hall of Famer Tony Pérez is 83. Filmmaker George Lucas is 81. Musician David Byrne is 73. Actor Tim Roth is 64. Actor Cate Blanchett is 56. Filmmaker Sofia Coppola is 54. Former NFL running back Frank Gore is 42. Actor Amber Tamblyn is 42. Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg is 41. Former NFL tight end Rob Gronkowski is 36. Actor Miranda Cosgrove is 32.