KYIV, Ukraine — This past week has seen the most significant escalation in hostilities that Ukraine has witnessed since Russia’s full-scale invasion and marks a new chapter in the nearly three-year war — one tinged with uncertainty and fear.

It began with U.S. President Joe Biden reversing a longstanding policy by granting Kyiv permission to deploy American longer-range missiles inside Russian territory and ended with Moscow striking Ukraine with a new experimental ballistic weapon that has alarmed the international community and heightened fears of further escalation.

Here is a look at the events in Ukraine in the span of a week that has altered the stakes of the war.

SUNDAY

US approves strikes: Washington eased limits on what Ukraine can strike with its Army Tactical Missile System, or ATACMS, after months of ruling out such a move over fears of escalating the conflict and bringing about a direct confrontation between Russia and NATO.

The change came after the U.S., South Korea and NATO said North Korean troops were inside Russia and being deployed to help Moscow drive Ukrainian troops from the Kursk region. But the scope of the new firing guidelines wasn’t clear.

MONDAY

Russia warns of escalation: The Kremlin warned that Biden’s decision would escalate international tensions even higher.

“It is obvious that the outgoing administration in Washington intends to take steps, and they have been talking about this, to continue adding fuel to the fire and provoking further escalation of tensions around this conflict,” spokesman Dmitry Peskov said.

Tuesday

Ukraine fires US missiles deeper: Ukraine fired several ATACMS, striking an ammunition warehouse in the Bryansk region, the first time Kyiv had used the weapons inside enemy territory, according to widespread reports. Ukrainian officials have not officially confirmed the strikes, which occurred on the 1,000th day since the invasion.

Also Tuesday, Russian President Vladimir Putin formally lowered the threshold for using nuclear weapons, opening the door to a potential nuclear response by Moscow to even a conventional attack by any nation supported by a nuclear power. That could include Ukrainian attacks backed by the U.S.

WEDNESDAY

US OKs antipersonnel mines: In the second major shift in U.S. policy, the Biden administration announced it will give Ukraine antipersonnel mines to help slow Russia’s battlefield advances. Biden had put off signing off on this because of international objections to the use of such mines due to the risks they pose to civilians. Russia deploys them freely.

U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said the shift in Washington’s policy was needed to counter changing Russian tactics.

Ukraine also struck targets inside Russia using the British Storm Shadow missile, an ATACMS equivalent, further vexing Moscow.

The U.S. and some other Western embassies in Kyiv temporarily closed in response to the threat of a potentially major Russian aerial attack on Ukraine’s capital.

THURSDAY

Russia uses new, experimental missile: The Kremlin fired a new intermediate-range ballistic missile at Ukraine in response to Kyiv’s use of American and British missiles, Putin said.

In a televised address to the country, he warned that U.S. air defense systems would be powerless to stop the new missile, which he called the Oreshnik — Russian for hazelnut tree — and said flies at 10 times the speed of sound. It’s based on Russia’s RS-26 Rubezh intercontinental ballistic missile, which can carry nuclear warheads.

Putin also said it could be used to attack any Ukrainian ally whose missiles are used to attack Russia. Moscow gave Washington a 30-minute warning of the attack, which struck a weapons factory in Dnipro.

FRIDAY

NATO calls emergency meeting: NATO and Ukraine scheduled emergency talks for Tuesday, the alliance said. The meeting, requested by Ukraine, will convene at the level of ambassadors.

Ukraine’s partners weighed in on the conflict’s new dangers. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk said it is “entering a decisive phase” and “taking on very dramatic dimensions.”