Toward the end of his life, when his memory was in pieces, Gabriel García Márquez struggled to finish a novel about the secret sex life of a married middle-age woman. He attempted at least five versions and tinkered with the text for years, slashing sentences, scribbling in the margins, changing adjectives, dictating notes to his assistant. Eventually, he gave up and issued a final, devastating judgment.

“He told me directly that the novel had to be destroyed,” said Gonzalo García Barcha, the author’s younger son.

When García Márquez died in 2014, multiple drafts, notes and chapter fragments of the novel were stashed away in his archives at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The story remained there, largely unread and forgotten — until García Márquez’s sons decided to defy their father’s wishes.

Now, a decade after his death, García Márquez’s last novel, “Until August,” was recently published, with a global release in nearly 30 countries. The narrative centers on a woman named Ana Magdalena Bach, who travels to a Caribbean island every August to visit her mother’s grave. On these somber pilgrimages, briefly liberated from her husband and family, she finds a new lover each time.

The novel adds an unexpected coda to the life and work of García Márquez, a literary giant and Nobel laureate, and will likely stir questions about how literary estates and publishers should navigate posthumous releases that contradict a writer’s directives.

For García Márquez’s sons, the question of what to do with “Until August” was complicated by their father’s conflicting assessments. For a while, he worked intensely on the manuscript and at one point sent a draft to his literary agent. It was only when he was suffering severe memory loss from dementia that he decided it wasn’t good enough.

By 2012, he could no longer recognize even close friends and family — among the few exceptions was his wife, Mercedes Barcha, his sons said. He struggled to carry on a conversation. He would occasionally pick up one of his books and read it, not recognizing the prose as his own.

He confessed to his family that he felt unmoored as an artist without his memory, which was his greatest source material. In that fractured state, he began to doubt the quality of his novel.

“Gabo lost the ability to judge the book,” Rodrigo García, the eldest of his two sons, said. “He was no longer able to even follow the plot, probably.”

Reading “Until August” again years after his death, his sons felt that García Márquez may have judged himself too harshly. “It was much better than we remembered,” García said.

His sons acknowledge that the book doesn’t rank among García Márquez’s masterpieces and fear that some might dismiss the publication as a cynical effort to make more money off their father’s legacy.

Unlike his sprawling, lush works of magical realism — epics like “Love in the Time of Cholera” and “One Hundred Years of Solitude,” which has sold about 50 million copies — “Until August” is modest in scope. But the brothers argue that it’s a valuable addition to García Márquez’s body of work, in part because it reveals a new side of him. For the first time, he centered a narrative on a female protagonist, telling an intimate story about a woman in her late 40s who, after nearly 30 years of marriage, begins seeking freedom and self-fulfillment through illicit love affairs.

Still, some readers and critics may question their choice to release a work that García Márquez considered incomplete, potentially adding a disappointing footnote to a towering legacy. In his native Colombia, many in literary circles are eager for anything new by García Márquez, however unpolished. Still, some are wary.

Colombian novelist Héctor Abad said he was skeptical about the publication at first but changed his mind when he read an advance copy. “I was afraid it might be an act of commercial opportunism, and no, it is quite the opposite,” Abad said in an email. “All the virtues that made the best García Márquez great are also present here.”

There’s no doubt that García Márquez at one point felt the novel was worth publishing. In 1999, he read passages during a public appearance with novelist José Saramago in Madrid. Excerpts from the story were later published in Spain’s leading newspaper, El País, and in The New Yorker. He set the project aside to finish his memoir and published another novel, “Memories of My Melancholy Whores.” He began working on the project intensely again in 2003, and a year later, he sent the manuscript to his agent, the late Carmen Balcells.

In summer 2010, Balcells called Cristóbal Pera, an editor who had worked with García Márquez on his memoir. She said García Márquez, who was then in his 80s, was trying to finish a novel and asked Pera to help him. García Márquez was highly guarded about his works in progress, but a few months later, he allowed Pera to read a few chapters and seemed excited about it, Pera recalled. About a year later, his memory faltering, the author struggled to make sense of the narrative but continued to scribble notes in the margins of the manuscript.

When Pera gently urged García Márquez to publish the book, the author was firmly against it. “He said, at this point in my life, I don’t need to publish anything else,” Pera recalled.

After his death at age 87, various versions of “Until August” were kept at the Ransom Center archives.

Two years ago, García Márquez’s sons decided to take a fresh look at the text. The novel was messy in places, with some contradictions and repetition, they said, but it felt complete, if unpolished.

Once the brothers decided to publish the novel, they faced a puzzle. García Márquez had left at least five versions in various stages of completion. But he provided a clue about which one he preferred.

“One of the folders that he kept had a ‘Gran OK final’ on the front of it,” García Barcha said.

“That’s before he decided it was not OK at all,” his brother added.

In constructing the most coherent version they could, Pera and the brothers established a rule: They wouldn’t add a single word that wasn’t from García Márquez’s notes or different versions, they said.

As for the fate of any other unpublished works by García Márquez, his sons say it’s not an issue: There’s nothing else.

Throughout his life, García Márquez routinely destroyed older versions of published books and unfinished manuscripts because he didn’t want them to be scrutinized later.

That was among the reasons they decided to publish “Until August,” they said.

“When this book is released, we’ll have all of Gabo’s work published,” García Barcha said. “There is nothing else in the drawer.”