In simple terms, Moses returned to Egypt to free the Israelites from Pharoah after God told him Israel is his first born son. When Pharoah refused to let them go, God said he would put to death the firstborn child in Egypt.

God is said to have told Moses to tell the Israelites to paint lamb’s blood on their doorposts.

This way, the angel of death would know that Jewish people lived there. He would pass over that house and not kill the firstborn child. This is where the name Passover comes from.

For the last plague (the 10th), even Pharaoh’s own son was killed. He summoned Moses and told him to take the Israelites out of Egypt immediately.

Finally, after more than 200 years of slavery, the Jewish people were free.

There are variations on Passover practices by the many different types of Judaism. Some families gather on the first one or two nights of the eight-day holiday for Seder, where they eat a ceremonial dinner and retell the story of their enslavement and freedom.

The centerpiece of the Passover meal includes these traditional and symbolic foods:

1 Egg (Beitzah) Symbolic of the sacrifice made in biblical times; a sign of spring and rebirth.

2 Shank bone (Zeroa) Symbolizes the lamb that was sacrificed in ancient days before the temple was destroyed.

3 Charoset A mixture of chopped apples, nuts and wine that resembles the mortar and brick used to build the pyramids.

4 Greens (Chazeret) Often lettuce, served with the bitter herbs.

5 Parsley (Karpas) A symbol of life, the parsley is dipped into salt water and eaten to represent the tears Jewish ancestors shed.

Reformed Jews have created other symbolic foods to go with the Seder plate. Some examples are:

During the Seder, observers read the story of Passover from the Haggadah (means telling), a prayer book; the youngest child at the table reads four questions, asking “what makes this night different from all other nights?” and the family responds.

The four questions

On all other nights we eat either leavened or unleavened bread. On this night, why do we eat only unleavened matzah?

Answer: To remind us of the haste with which our ancestors left Egypt.

On all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs.

• A fair-trade chocolate or cocoa bean as a reminder that forced labor is still an issue today.

• Cashews for the troops. During the Iraq War salted cashews were said to provide sustenance and hydration in Iraq’s desert climate.

On this night, why only bitter herbs?

Answer: To remind us of the bitterness of slavery.

On all other nights we do not dip our herbs even once. On this night, why do we dip them twice?

Answer: Some say to remind us of our coming and going from Egypt.

On all other nights we eat sometimes sitting and sometimes reclining. On this night, why do we all recline?

• Four glasses of wine are poured to represent the four stages of the Exodus: freedom, deliverance, redemption and release.

• During the Seder, the door to the home is opened to welcome the prophet Elijah, and a fifth glass of wine is offered to him.

Matzah

• During the eight days of Passover, observers eat only unleavened bread, matzah, because their ancestors did not have enough time to let their bread rise before fleeing Egypt.

• Three pieces of matzah are placed in the center of the table, representing three casts of Jews; the middle piece is broken in half, and one half, the Afikomen, is hidden in the house for the children to hunt for after dinner.

Afikoman means “that which comes after” or “dessert.” This piece will be wrapped and hidden, to be found at the end of the meal.

The afikoman is a substitute for the Passover sacrifice, which was the last thing eaten at the Passover meal during the eras of the First and Second Temples.

Singing "Dayenu"

Many families will sing “Dayenu” during their Seder. The word dayenu means “it would have been enough.” This joyous tune celebrates the many blessings God bestowed upon the Jewish people during their exodus from Egypt in ancient times.

Moses is significant to many religions. He is considered a prophet who led the Israelites out of slavery in the Exodus. He is the most important prophet in Judaism, and one of the most important prophets in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá’í Faith and other Abrahamic religions. In the Bible and the Quran, God dictated the Mosaic Law to Moses, which he wrote down in the five books of the Torah.

Moses lived to be 120 years old (Deuteronomy 34:7), but it wasn't until he was 80 years old (Exodus 7:7) that God called him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.

Religious scholars are not in agreement on when Moses was born. Rabbinic Judaism calculated a lifespan of Moses corresponding to 1391-1271 B.C. Or he was born in the year 2377 in the Jewish calendar, the current year is 5785. Some scholars say he was born in the 1500s B.C.

The timeline below is 120 years and shows events at approximate age.

And the blood will be for you for a sign upon the houses where you will be, and I will see the blood and skip over you, and there will be no plague to destroy [you] when I smite the [people of the] land of Egypt. And this day shall be for you as a memorial, and you shall celebrate it as a festival for the Lord; throughout your generations, you shall celebrate it as an everlasting statute. For seven days you shall eat unleavened cakes, but on the preceding day you shall clear away all leaven from your houses, for whoever eats leaven from the first day until the seventh day that soul shall be cut off from Israel.

– Jewish Torah

The Haggadah is a foundational Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover Seder.

The Haggadah verse totals in the Torah:

According to Rashi, a French Rabbi in the 1100s, only once during the Israelites’ 40 years of wandering in the wilderness was the sacrifice of Passover (Pesach) offered. For the next 39 years there was no offering, according to Rashi, as God stipulated that it could only be offered after the Children of Israel had entered the Land of Israel. The bringing of the Passover sacrifice resumed only after the Israelites had taken possession of land in Jerusalem. Moses died within view of the land.

National numbers

The American Jewish Population Project’s 2020 survey estimated the Jewish population to be 7.6 million in the U.S., which is about 2.4% of the nation’s population.

Unlike other demographic groups in the United States, such as those defined by race, ethnicity or economic status, there are no systematic sources of data at the national level – such as the U.S. census – that can be used to describe the Jewish population. The separation of church and state in the United States prohibits the government from requiring that individuals report their religious affiliation.

Source: Jewish Virtual Library, Chabad.org, Oxfordchabad.org, Pew Research Center, Brandeis University, reformjudaism.org Photos: Orange County Register, MCT