When electioneering, the best pledges are catchy enough to get stuck in a voter’s head. During this election, “no tax on tips” seems to be the phrase fitting that bill.

Both presidential candidates are embracing the promise to exempt workers from paying taxes on their tips. But the problem with no-tax-on-tips proposals, experts say, is that they’re clearly a bid for votes rather than a substantive solution.

“This wouldn’t help very many workers, and it could actually be very harmful to millions more, with the real benefits of this policy change going to employers and the wealthy at the expense of working people,” says David Cooper, researcher from EPI Action, a nonpartisan research and advocacy organization.

How the issue entered the election

On June 9, former President Donald Trump made a promise to end taxes on tips in front of service workers. In August, Vice President Kamala Harris made a similar pledge. It’s no coincidence that both candidates made the announcement in Las Vegas — leisure and hospitality is the dominant industry in the metro area, Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows.

White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said that President Joe Biden also supports eliminating taxes on tips for service and hospital workers, as well as raising the minimum wage.

The policy is appealing for tipped workers and the unions that represent them. After all, who doesn’t want a tax break when they can get it? Experts say the message to voters may be effective, but the policy is less likely to be.

“I’d say, thumbs down to the policy proposal; it’s bad tax policy,” says Kyle Pomerleau, a senior fellow studying federal tax policy and reform at American Enterprise Institute, a right-leaning think tank.

How do tips factor into wages?

Tipped workers are some of the most visible workers: They’re taking your coffee order, cutting your hair, serving your meals in restaurants, delivering your groceries and ridesharing you around town. And yet, the Budget Lab at Yale University estimates there are only about 4 million workers in tipped positions in 2023 — about 2.5% of the entire U.S. workforce.

The most typical tipped work is in the service and hospitality industry. Tipped workers also tend to be younger than the rest of the working population — 20 to 34 years old, according to Yale Budget Lab.

In order to qualify as a tipped worker, you must earn more than $20 per month in tips. In tipped positions, workers must receive a subminimum wage, also known as a cash wage, of $2.13 per hour. A subminimum wage is combined with tips in order for workers to earn at least the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. If an employee earns a subminimum wage plus tips less than $7.25 per hour, an employer must make up the difference.

There’s also tip pooling; it’s where front-of-the-house workers (servers and bartenders) share their tips with each other, as well as with the back of the house (such as cooks and dishwashers). In this scenario, all employees who receive pooled tips — including the workers who earn the tips — must make at least the federal minimum wage, according to the Department of Labor.

It’s unclear how often restaurants properly adhere to wage rules because tipping is notoriously underreported. Although, that’s less of an issue now since most people pay electronically and don’t leave cash tips as often anymore, says Howard Gleckman, senior fellow in the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center at the Urban Institute.

How the taxes work

Tips are considered taxable income. But not all income is taxed; that depends on the amount a worker actually earns.

Median weekly wages, including tips, are $538 among tipped workers, compared to a median of $1,000 among non-tipped workers, according to 2023 estimates by Yale Budget Lab. Many tipped workers earn so little they already aren’t required to pay federal income taxes; Yale Budget Lab estimates this is the case for about 37% of tipped workers.

It’s likely only a small sliver of the tipped worker population would get the tax advantage that Trump and Harris propose — and that’s without knowing what specific income limits would be set by either candidate’s plan.

“Think about somebody who is a server at ‘Bob’s Diner’ — it has a $9.95 special and [the server] is going to get two bucks,” says Gleckman. “If you’re a server at some fancy downtown steakhouse where dinner is $200, you’re going to get 40 bucks, right? So for those higher income servers, this [policy] can make some difference. But for most people, it won’t really matter at all.”

There’s another important distinction about tips and taxes: Even when workers don’t have a federal income tax obligation, workers and their employers must pay federal payroll taxes, which fund Social Security and Medicare programs. That also means they must continue to report tips, even if federal taxes on tips are eliminated; also, the proposals would not affect state income tax requirements.

Neither Trump or Harris has specified whether their proposals would apply only to the federal income tax. But if the No Tax on Tips Act, introduced by Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, is any indication, the exemption would likely only apply to federal income taxes.

How much might a policy save workers?

Tip earnings are hard to characterize since the amount varies drastically based on the type of service that workers provide, as well as local minimum wage laws. But the Tax Foundation offers an example: Say a server earns $19,000 per year in wages plus $15,000 in tipped income. Their adjusted gross income is $34,000. They take a standard deduction of $14,600, which leaves them with $19,400 in taxable income. Under this example, they owe $2,096 in federal income taxes.

With a no-tax-on-tips policy in effect, their adjusted gross income is $19,000 since the $15,000 income in tips isn’t considered taxable. They take a standard deduction of $14,600, which leaves them with $4,400 in taxable income. Under this example, their tax liability is $440. It’s the difference of $1,656 from the previous example.

As the Tax Foundation points out, a cashier who makes the same $34,000 — without tips — would have the same $2,096 federal tax liability in either scenario, and so would be paying vastly more in taxes than the server under a no-tax-on-tips policy.

Suffice to say, tax and wage experts are unimpressed with the no-tax-on-tips proposal.

“This wouldn’t help very many workers, and it could actually be very harmful to millions more, with the real benefits of this policy change going to employers and the wealthy at the expense of working people,” says Cooper.

Experts say negative repercussions could include: social programs and other tax benefits could be impacted; high earners could find a loophole; it could reduce employers’ need to raise wages; the deficit would increase, although not substantially; it could exacerbate tipping backlash; and it could fuel worker resentment.