SYDNEY — Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull canceled a parliamentary vote to ratify an extradition treaty with China on Tuesday after opposition lawmakers said they would not support it, and after some members of Turnbull’s own Liberal Party expressed concern about moving forward.

It was a significant symbolic and public rejection, suggesting that even though relations between China and Australia have warmed since President Trump took office in the United States, Australia’s concerns about China’s repressive legal system and human rights record will continue to limit how close the two countries become.

China has been waiting a decade since the extradition treaty was signed for it to be passed, and the decision not to put it to a ratification vote may have surprised the country’s leaders. The Chinese premier, Li Keqiang, had left Australia just two days earlier with several new trade deals and mostly positive news coverage.

And yet, the treaty’s prospects may have been shaped not just by Li’s visit but by the case of Feng Chongyi, a Chinese-born professor at an Australian university who has criticized Beijing’s crackdown on political dissent. Over the weekend, Feng was barred from leaving China and questioned by state security officers as a possible threat to national security, raising concerns in Australia about the reach and focus of China’s legal system.

New York Times